Ohio Valley: Pre-Season Deep Dive of Prep Baseball Infielders This Spring

High school baseball is upon us, with Kentucky baseball starting last week and Michigan's baseball season already underway as this article is being posted. Early looks of the Kentucky season have shown positive signs for the few arms mentioned prior, as they are already flying with a great start to the season. This upcoming Saturday (March 25th), Ohio baseball season begins with many touted matchups that will be must-sees for the avid baseball lover in the Ohio area. If the weather cooperates, I will be in the fields watching the OHSAA (Ohio High School Athletic Association) Division-I reigning champions Archbishop Moeller start their season against Strongsville and will provide a live look later next week on the matchup.

Part three of our series continues here, analyzing the region's infield prospects. The Ohio Valley continues the trend from the last few years of us being spoiled with a few top-tier and toolsy prospects following the footsteps of Ohio Valley infielders Colt Emerson, Colston Montgomery, Henry Kaczmar, and Alex Mooney, who displayed their advanced baseball skills at the variety level to either hear their name called in July out of high school or became a high-level dude walking onto campus in the fall and fought for a spot in the lineup out of the gate. Further, we have one SS who could hear his name called early on day one this year.


The 2024 class for this prep baseball season is stacked with dudes who possess future major-league tools and who will have huge impacts on their respective college programs or clubs next season. All of these guys with future breakdowns are dudes I can see getting their names called in July or dudes to keep noted as potential future high-round selections in 2027. The honorable mention group of dudes is in the next tier of guys who I can see get their names called sometime in the 2027 or 2028 draft after some seasoning versus better competition or added time with maturity to grow their pro tools.


| 3B/SS Caleb Bonemer, Okemos HS (MI) |

| 6-foot-1 | 195 - pounds | Commit: Virginia | B/T:  R/R | Draft Day Age: 18 yr 9 mo |

Bonemer enters the 2024 draft cycle as the top high school infield prospect in the class due to his impressive combo of physicality, explosive tools, and massive stock bump from the 2023 prep showcase and summer circuit. Bonemer is the most prolific infielder we have seen in a hot minute to come out of the prep ranks in Michigan. Further, Bonemer has the chance of joining highly touted infielders like Colston Mongomery and Colton Emerson of being Ohio Valley infielders drafted in the first round in recent years - in short, save your seats now for Okemos high school baseball games this spring as there will not an open seat if you wait till Michigan's season to start with scouts soaring to Michigan with anticipation to watch him play.

Bonemer is a physical athletic specimen on the diamond with a muscular build that oozes projectable strength with strong hands, wrists, and quads/lower half. In the box, everything works in sync with a quiet load, a small front-foot-striking stride, and a shorter compact swing displaying minimal wasted effort attacking the baseball with eye-popping explosive bat speeds, triple-digit exit velocities, and barreling nearly everything he attacks. When he punishes baseball, he is typically pull-side happy with the power but has shown the ability to exhibit XBHs up the middle on occasion. Contact-wise, he can hit all over the zone and spray hits anywhere throughout the field. Due to previous looks, scouts this spring would like to see him lower the whiffs in the game from inferior competition (a similar issue we saw in the 2021 varsity season from a similar comp SS in Brady House). 

In the field, Bonemer is a very athletic and projectable infielder with a high likely chance to stay on the left side of the dirt with his soft hands, smooth fluid feet/motions towards the baseball, plus range, plus field awareness/baseball IQ, strong arm, good reactions, impressive composure/body control, and quick reactions to the baseball. Further, Bonemer allows his athleticism to play throughout his game without any hiccups (even during the challenging plays). Similar to Brady House, he is massive for his size. So, scouts will need to determine if the size will make him shift out of the middle and slide over to 3B or corner OF in the future when he hits physical maturity. 

Overall, Bonemer has shown everything that scouts typically look for from prep position players during the draft process and is a very polished high school prospect. So far, he has made a solid case to be considered a top 15 or even top 10 selection in the draft with his very high ceiling. Due to the strong college class this season, he could fall down the boards with teams looking for more maturity and quicker to show talent. If Bonemer has an eye-popping spring as he did over the summer, he may force the hand of an organization to take him higher than most rankings and mock drafts have him before the Michigan prep season. 

Preseason Draft Grade: Top 5 HS player & Top 25 overall draft talent; First-round grade w/ top 10 upside


| 1B/RHP Jake Hanley, William Mason HS |

| 6-foot-6 | 230 - pounds | Commit: Indiana | B/T:  L/R | Draft Day Age: 18 yrs 11 mo | 

Presumably, the most prominent and premier prep baseball athlete out of the Ohio Valley, Hanley early this year, attended the Prep Baseball's Super 60 event and impressed scouts in a showcase setting by blasting baseballs nearly 400 feet and recording triple-digit exit velocities (103.5 mph). Hanley physically stands out from the typical high school hitter with a 6-foot-5, 235-pound XL frame with loud upside tools and an even higher ceiling. Hanley has been a consistent workhorse out of a prolific baseball program at William Mason High School, which in recent years, has produced professional players in Nicholas Northcut and former first-round selection T.J Zeuch.

A few weeks back, we mentioned the pitching upside Hanley has made over the last calendar season, making him a difficult profile to project between being an offensive middle-of-the-order bat, a future high-velocity arm, or the unicorn of both. This week, we will dive into what we have seen since his early prep years as an uber-physical middle-of-the-order first baseman.


If you want to go back and see his pitching profile going into the Ohio prep season, you can see it Here

As mentioned above, Hanley is a large physical frame athlete who shows premium projectable upside as a professional ball player with muscular proportions and strength throughout his body. Hanley displays very simple and smooth operations at the dish, exhibiting an athletic balanced stance with a smooth load, quiet leg kick, soft stride, whippy hands, and a controlled barrel. When he attacks baseballs, his natural strength is loud, exhibiting a mixed lofty/upward violent swing that produces thunderous hard contact every time he puts the ball in play (92.9% hard-hit rate and an average of roughly 97 mph or more EVs). Further, he possesses violent bat speed (76 mph bat speed average), allowing his tall lefty frame to get into triple-digit exit velocities. The projection for him to stay as a middle-of-the-order bat is sustainable. However, Hanley will need to exhibit his lofty/upward violent swing more often and produce more XBHs in-game as too frequently, his hitting ability against tougher pitching competition leans more into straight line drives and hard ground balls due to his occasional neutral attack angle (or insufficiency of displaying on-plane efficiency) and his bat path becoming flat in his swing versus better competition from his need in making up for timing issues in his load and his lengthy bat path (all fixable attributes in his game). On the bases, Hanley is an average runner at best overall. 



Depending on the scout(s) you speak with, there are some who believe that the two-way potential is real within Hanley, and when he breaks through the next ceiling within his development, it will be more apparent. There is no question that the hit tool and the metrics that come with it are impressive, with above-average potential projections attached throughout. However, suppose Hanley would get drafted in July. In that case, it is more likely that he will be drafted because of the toolsy upside in his hitting abilities that he displayed over the winter showcase setting, a positive offensive spring performance, and an imaginable combine invite (with the off-the-field element of the money being right). Suppose Hanley gets the chance to go to Bloomington in the fall. In that case, the coaching staff will definitely tinker with his pitching potential and get him out on the mound next spring (I'm highly assuming Risedorph, Sinnard, and Foley are drafted this year and not coming back) while giving him at-bats in fall ball and early in the spring. 


In conclusion, I love to see players get their ability to achieve their dreams and get their money from the hard work they have put into baseball. Nevertheless, my selfish side would love to see him go to college and try the two-way ability out, as I can see him evolving into a Big Ten/Midwest version of Jac Caglianone or Brendon McKay because of the upside he has in his tools, both ways. Additionally, he wouldn't be the first Cincinnati native to pass on big money, double down, and prove themselves in college for a bigger payday if he did (Andrew Benintendi was drafted in the 31st round by the Cincinnati Reds in 2013 and then was a top 10 overall selection in 2015 by the Boston Red Sox. Further, Zeuch went down a similar route before being drafted 21st overall by the Toronto Blue Jays). Thus, seeing the hoops and challenging tasks for scouts to determine the future for the most polarizing, intriguing, and tooled-up athlete in the Midwest of this class in Hanley. 


Preseason Draft Grade: Top 100 HS player; Day 2 grade but probably going to school. 



| C Hogan Denny, Mooresville HS (IN) |

| 6-foot-0 | 190 - pounds | Commit: Indiana | B/T:  R/R | Draft Day Age: 18 yr 8 mo |

A decorated multi-sport athlete from the Hoosier State, Denny is a two-time All-State backstop who has shown his physical athleticism from the diamond to the gridiron as his school's star quarterback (as an underclassman showed some advanced athleticism as a wide receiver for the football team). Denny is by far the best prep catcher in the region who has a strong accurate arm behind the dish and has displayed desirable power traits in the box. Like many others on these lists, Denny was a Prep Baseball Super 60 invitee and, during the event, displayed some of the most power in the country by blasting baseballs over 106 mph and demonstrating some of the most explosive bat speeds you will see slightly over 86 mph. Further, outside of being a star catcher for Mooresville HS and being arguably the most productive offensive juggernaut in Indiana prep baseball, Denny has displayed stuff on the mound by recording over 100 strikeouts as a lights-out reliever guiding his varsity squad as a year-in and year-out state championship contender. His current projection for his future is staying behind the dish, so below, we will stick with his offensive and defensive upside as a catcher.

In the box, Denny displays a sturdy physical build that shows strength throughout his frame. His advanced athleticism could be considered sneaky due to his build, but he is a tremendous athlete overall (he has swiped 67 stolen bases in varsity baseball and has made some appearances at SS). Operating in the box, Hogan now works with an athletic balanced stance where, in the past, he had a wide stance, but he has tinkered with his approach at the plate to harness more into his power profile. Further, he is a simple mover from the right side, displaying quick hands, a quiet controlled load, and a leg lift stride that blasts the barrel into the zone with oozing power from his lower half from a shorter swing. A very confident and good poised hitter. His swing/hands occasionally can get a little too early, but overall, it is on time with the barrel being in the zone for a long time at a linear level with intent. When watching him, many scouts have used the scouting vocabulary of Hogan having an “advanced approach and very disciplined.” If you are a nit-picky individual, you can say that he needs to be more rotational to generate more power. However, with this offensive profile, he already has enough natural strength to generate the long ball when needed (explains the change in stance). Overall, the power he has is ridiculous, with still more in the tank. In addition, his offensive profile is more of a gap-to-gap approach with XBH upside and the ability to spray it all over the field. Additionally, the bat works well in-game and outside of a contained environment (at the varsity level, he has produced over 35 XBHs and 19 long balls entering his senior year). His projection shows that he can stay in that middle-of-the-order stop in the lineup with a floor of a six-hole hitter. 


Defensively, behind the dish, Hogan's clear best attribute is his strong and accurate arm, recording arm speeds in the low 80s. Overall, he is an advanced catcher with pop times in the upper 1.80s and low 1.90s while displaying quick reactions, soft hands, strong lower half/knees, a quick release out of a short compact ¾ arm slot, exemplary athletic footwork, fast transfer abilities, and a high baseball IQ. The quarterback background comes into play with his ability to read the field/basepaths and make decisions on the fly very well in a quick process. He shows good field general qualities to stay behind the dish at the next level or even transition to the corner infield if needed. 

Hogan may get some scouts' looks this spring due to his decorated athleticism, track record of offensive production at the varsity level, and participation in previous high-level baseball events (Prep Baseball Super 60 and PG Nationals). I can easily see him being in the running for Gatorade Player of the Year for the state of Indiana and be a strong candidate for the Johnny Bench Award (an award given to the top catcher at the high school level from the Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and West Virginia region). Overall, I envision Hogan as a high-follow prospect from the Hoosier State with more 2027 MLB Draft upside than this summer. Henceforth, I see Hogan going to college this fall to better himself versus good Big Ten competition and making an impact behind the dish as a backup catcher his true freshman year before breaking out as the main dude behind the plate for the Hoosiers moving forward. Suppose the power potential makes a further jump in the near future, and his offensive profile translates at the college level. In that case, the Hoosiers may have another high-level athletic power profile backstop as they did nearly a decade ago with Kyle Schwarber. 



Preseason Draft Grade: N/A - Future college backstop


| Honorable Mentions |


| SS/OF Alex Koelling, William Mason HS (OH) |


| 6-foot-1 | 170 - pounds | Commit: Ohio State | B/T:  L/R |  Draft Age: 18 yr 1 mo |



| SS/3B Alex Martin, Boyd County (KY) |


| 6-foot-3 | 195 - pounds | Commit: Xavier | B/T:  R/R  | Draft Age: approximately 18 yr 0 mo |



| SS/3B Issac VanderWoude, Illiana Christian HS (IN) |


| 5-foot-11 | 188 - pounds | Commit: Virginia  | B/T:  L/R  | Draft Age: approximately 19 yr 0 mo |



| 3B/RHP Jackson Frasure, Chaminade-Julienne (OH) |


| 6-foot-2 | 225 - pounds | Commit: Akron | B/T:  R/R  | Draft Age: approximately 19 yr 0 mo |



| SS Parker Brzustewicz, St. Mary’s HS (MI) |


| 6-foot-3 | 185 - pounds | Commit: Notre Dame | B/T:  R/R | Draft Age: 19 yr 6 mo |



| SS/C/2B Parker Corbin, Cincinnati Country Day (OH) |


| 5-foot-9 | 180 - pounds | Commit: Maryland | B/T:  L/R |  Draft Age: 18 yr 11 mo |



| SS Ryder Kirtley, Troy HS (OH) |


| 6-foot-0 | 185 - pounds | Commit: Virginia Tech | B/T:  R/R | Draft Age: 18 yr 10 mo |


| 1B/RHP Sawyer Solitaria, Saint Ignatius (OH) |


| 6-foot-3 | 230 - pounds | Commit: Kent State | B/T:  R/R |  Draft Age: 18 yr 2 mo |


Live Looks: Northeast Prep Workout

Earlier this month, I was invited to a private workout featuring a handful of talented prep players from across the northeast region. This was a first for me. It was a moment in my career that felt important, a milestone of sorts. It was also a phenomenal opportunity to check out a large group of players at once, many of whom I intended on seeing at some point this spring.

An event such as this is helpful when putting the finishing touches on your priority list. You can only be in one place at a time, which means you are constantly being forced to choose between seeing one player (or group of players) over another player each day leading up to the draft. Strengthening that priority list ahead of the season helps an area scout maximize their limited amount of time. It’s not a perfect setting for a thorough evaluation, but you can gather a surprising amount of valuable information in a short window of time. This was a nice preview for the weeks, months, and years ahead. Below, you can find three players who made a strong impression and piqued my curiosity, followed by a handful of players who I’ll be tracking closely as prep baseball kicks into gear in my neck of the woods.


alex ramos | ‘24

RHP | GOSHEN CENTRAL, NY

FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL COMMIT

One of the stronger locales for the northeast 2024 prep class will be the Hudson Valley area of New York. Alex Ramos, a Hudson Valley righty at Goshen Central, is an arm that area scouts will be eager to check out this spring. He was someone who stood out to me after seeing some short clips of him on social media with the look of someone who was just starting to blossom as a pitcher. That feeling was confirmed after seeing Ramos fire off consistent 93-95 MPH heat during his pen. Ramos is a quality athlete with a projectable, long-levered frame (6’3-190) suited for the mound. It’s a bit of a longer arm action, but Ramos was able to sync the operation effectively thanks to his above-average arm speed. Ramos releases from a high, almost over-the-top arm slot and extends well during his delivery. This gives the fastball good hop, and at this velocity, it’s a power pitch that projects well at the next level. There’s some head movement on release that could use some cleaning up to improve command, but the overall development to date is highly impressive. Ramos also featured a 74-76 MPH overhand curveball that had good shape at times and a changeup in the mid-80s. Between the two, I preferred the curve. It’s probably fringy presently, but I see the makings of a legitimate weapon as he develops and starts using it more.

Overall, Ramos profiles as a projection righty, but one who has more present velocity than similar arms in the prep and college classes. He has made significant gains over the past several months and is on an upward trajectory. If the stuff he showed in this pen translates to game action this spring, Ramos could leapfrog a good chunk of the prep pitching class in the region.


connor lane

CATCHER/RHP | OLD SAYBROOK SENIOR, CT

UCONN COMMIT

Connor Lane challenged Alex Ramos for the biggest surprise of the day. After showing off some good pop during BP, Lane jumped on the bump and caught the attention of every scout in attendance. Lane’s cannon arm is well-known to evaluators in the area, but now Lane has begun converting that arm talent behind the dish to the pitcher’s mound. He made a promising short appearance out of the bullpen in October during the WWBA tournament in Jupiter and has since taken things to another level. Lane has a physical 6’2-205 build, with immense arm strength. There was some variation to the arm action and delivery during this pen, but considering his experience level as a pitcher, it exceeded my expectations. The arm action is very short, at times resembling Texas Tech freshman Mac Heuer, though Lane releases from a higher slot. Lane sat in the 91-92 MPH range with his heater, with a few fastballs registering at 93-94 MPH (at least one scout in attendance had a 95 reading). The fastball had arm-side movement, with a few flashing good, late action. He complimented the fastball with a slider that had surprising polish. An upper 70s pitch, Lane showed feel for locating the breaker to his glove side. A couple had some “hump” coming out of the hand which made them easier to pick up, but the foundation for a solid secondary is present. 

Because Lane is both an integral piece behind the plate for his high school squad and a legitimate catching prospect, it remains to be seen how many opportunities he’ll receive on the mound in the months ahead. He showed enough in this look to suggest he has a real shot at “coming out” as an arm this spring, especially as he focuses more on pitching and accrues experience on the mound.


JC Pacheco | ‘26

SHORTSTOP | DEPAUL CATHOLIC, NJ

UNCOMMITTED

The 2026 high school class in New Jersey has a chance to be special. Based on this brief look, JC Pacheco is a name that belongs in the upper echelon of prep talents for 2026. Playing for Jersey powerhouse DePaul Catholic, Pacheco made a great first impression with the potential for a plus arm on the dirt and both contact and power in the box. Pacheco has good physicality for his age at 5’10-170 and is likely to grow in the years ahead. He showed a quiet swing with good barrel whip during his rounds of BP with the potential for both above average (or better) hand/bat speed as he matures. Pacheco was able to produce quality contact in all directions, and his knack for making hard, elevated contact up the middle and to the opposite field was noticeable. 

Obviously, we are a long way from the 2026 draft cycle, and a lot can change over that time. We’ll need to see if the offensive tools he showed in this look will translate to live pitching. That said, Pacheco is someone I’m eager to track over the next few years as he shares the field with a slew of fellow draft talents at DePaul Catholic. Pacheco remains uncommitted, but he is sure to be a high priority for recruiters moving forward.


QUICK HITS

Julius Rosado | Shortstop

South River HS, NJ | 2025

Rutgers Commit

I was glad to get another opportunity to see shortstop Julius Rosado before the high school season started. Once again, Rosado was cool, calm, and collected on both sides of the ball. He has well-defined strength while remaining smooth and nimble. We’ll see if he can stick at short long-term, but he checks a lot of the necessary boxes to play on the left side of the infield at the next level. He’s a confident hitter in the box with a swing that’s geared for explosive power to his pull side. It’s a swing that will be put to the test as he faces better, more consistent stuff, but he’s a kid that I expect will put in the work to make adjustments as he moves up the ladder. He would be a huge recruiting win for head coach Steve Owens and recruiting coordinator Brendan Monaghan should he reach campus.

Tyler Castrataro | Shortstop

Mahopac HS, NY | 2024

Hofstra Commit

I’ve now seen a good amount of Hofstra recruits up close and personal this winter and I’ve come away impressed. There’s been a clear, positive shift for Hofstra’s baseball program with skipper Frank Catalanatto at the helm. Like Rosado, this was my second look at Tyler Castrataro who serves as a good example of Hofstra’s enhanced recruiting thrust. A wiry, quick-twitch athlete Castrataro plays bigger than his listed 5’10-160 size. He’s an above-average runner and athlete who takes some ferocious cuts in the box. Castrataro’s ability to hammer the baseball is rare for someone his size. The violence in his swing is a big factor in that ability which, in theory, could impact his ability to make contact during live ABs. Regardless, Castrataro has plenty of raw tools to develop further and is the type of athlete that schools like Hofstra should be looking to work with.

Dylan Hansen | Right-Handed Pitcher

Downingtown East HS, PA | 2024

Coastal Carolina Commit

Out of the two Pennsylvania arms, Hansen showed the “louder” stuff but he also had more violence to the delivery. Hansen has good length and remaining projection at 6’3-205 with a strong, quick arm. The strikes were a bit scattered on this day, but Hansen displayed three quality offerings with a 91-93 MPH fastball, a slider between 78-80 MPH, and some decent. nascent feel for a changeup. Hansen is committed to Coastal Carolina, a school that has done a fantastic job developing players from the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions in recent years.

Kross Howarth | Third Base/Right-Handed Pitcher

Perkiomen School, PA | 2024

Tulane Commit

As with Dylan Hansen, Kross Howarth has the same kind of long, projectable build (6’4-205) that will fill up a jersey while providing teams with something to dream on. The Tulane commit has legitimate two-way ability with an ideal power bat/power arm skillset for the hot corner. There’s plenty to like as an offensive prospect, but I paid extra attention to him on the mound. I really liked how effortlessly he filled the zone with his deceptive delivery. He stays closed for an extended period of time with a crossfire delivery and a low ¾ arm slot. I think this opens up a lot of developmental and pitch-shaping opportunities with his fastball moving forward. His fastball had good sinking action at the bottom of the zone, but I could see the pitch acting as a “hybrid” fastball that induces grounders at a high rate but can also miss a healthy amount of bats. Logan Webb and Marcus Stroman are good examples of this. He sat in the 90-91 MPH range but has lived in the 90-93 MPH (t94) range multiple times, dating back to the summer. Howarth also flashed some really good sliders (79-82 MPH). There weren’t any batters, obviously, but I imagine that his best sliders would release from behind a right-handed hitter before sweeping across the zone to the outer edge of the plate. He also threw a curve (74-76), which traded some sweep for additional vertical action as well as a changeup at 84 MPH. 

It can be a challenge for a pitcher to maintain a consistent release point with a delivery such as Howarth’s, but it clearly wasn’t an issue on this day. Howarth is going to get dinged in draft models because he’s already 19 and will be closer to 20 years old than 19 years old on draft day. But this is the type of arm I love to watch and track because there are outlier characteristics that could really “pop” if everything comes together. I hope to get a second look at Howarth this spring to see if he can do what he did in this pen over a full outing. If I don’t get the opportunity to see him myself, I know Pennsylvania-based evaluator Jake Bargery (who lives near Perkiomen) is ready to see him live during the high school season. Unfortunately, I didn’t get any video of Howarth on the mound, but you can check out some swings below.

Cristofer Cespedes | Right-Handed Pitcher

North Rockland HS, NY | 2024

Maryland Commit

Cespedes popped up this past summer/fall and is a big body (6’4-220) righty who sat in the 91-92 (t93) MPH range with a low 80s curveball and a mid-80s changeup. The mechanics need to be ironed out, but it’s a nice, short arm action from a high ¾ release with some deception. He’s raw as a pitcher, but I could see him taking off at Maryland. The size and ability to touch 94 mph with the fastball will draw scouts this spring.

Harrison Lollin | Right-Handed Pitcher

Monroe Township HS, NJ | 2024

Penn State Commit

Lollin was the most “complete” pitcher of the four mentioned in this section. He has a strong, filled-out frame at 6’1-210 that looks ready for the next level of competition. His stuff was noticeably firmer with a four-pitch mix highlighted by a fastball in the 91-94 MPH range. He also threw a sinking fastball with running action that he threw down and to his arm side in the 88-90 MPH range. The slider featured two-plane action at 79-82 MPH, which was tight at times, and he completed his repertoire with a promising changeup in the low-80s with fade. This was my first time seeing Lollin and he looked much better than I expected. He moved up my priority list for the spring following this brief outing. Stock up.

2021 Bowman Chrome Retrospective

2021 Bowman Chrome Retrospective

Taking a current look at the players with 1st Bowman cards from 2021 Bowman Chrome which include Ezequiel Tovar, Emmanuel Rodriguez, Jeferson Quero, Bryan Ramos, Miguel Bleis, and many others.

Live Looks: First Half of March

It’s been a hectic start to the season and while I racked up the flyer miles in February, March marked the start of conference play in North Carolina. Having some prior obligations taking center stage in life, this means that this Live Looks edition will be longer than most. I made stops at East Carolina, NC State, and Wake Forest/Duke to start off the month and there will be more ACC content as the month progresses.

As a disclaimer, I will see Duke two weeks in a row, so the players I selected for this piece will likely not be written up on the next piece. Players like Jonathan Santucci, who had a rough outing against Wake Forest, will be written up after the series against Clemson, but that will include notes from the Wake Forest series as a comparison to what I saw between the two outings.

East Carolina Pirates

RHP trey yesavage

DRAFT GRADE: Mid-First round (Picks 10-20)


NC State Wolfpack

c jacob cozart

draft grade: Back-end first round


Wake Forest Demon Deacons

ss/of sEAVER kING

DRAFT GRADE: Top ten


1B NICK KURTZ

DRAFT GRADE: Top ten


LHP JOSH HARTLE

DRAFT GRADE: second round


RHP CHASE BURNS

DRAFT GRADE: top five/ten


RHP MICHAEL MASSEY

DRAFT GRADE: Late second/early third


LHP HAIDEN LEFFEW

DRAFT GRADE: high follow (2026)


Duke Blue Devils

LHP Kyle Johnson

DRAFT GRADE: High follow (2026)


OF DEVIN OBEE

DRAFT GRADE: Mid day two


RHP CHARLIE BEILENSON

DRAFT GRADE: day 3 moneysaver


OF AJ GRACIA

DRAFT GRADE: high follow (2026)

College Baseball Roundup - Week 5

College Baseball Roundup - Week 5

Prospects Live brings you the college baseball roundup for week 5. Both LSU and Wake Forest lost series this weekend, and NC State dropped out of the top 25 completely. We also bring you updates on your favorite MLB Draft prospects and new content from Prospects Live analysts.

This Week in Baseball Cards - 3/18 - 3/24

This Week in Baseball Cards - 3/18 - 3/24

Covering the major product releases and news in the baseball card hobby for the week of March 18th through March 22nd, 2024. There are four releases this week - 2024 Topps Now Road to Opening Day, 2024 Topps Archives Signature Series Active Player Edition, 2023 Topps Dynasty, and 2023 Bowman Inception.

Overcoming the Odds: How Zach Joyce Found His Way Back to Baseball

As fans, we often forget that some things are bigger than baseball for players. They play a sport we all know and love, and there is an expectation that nothing else should matter as much as the game. But players go through many of the day-to-day struggles we find ourselves facing. After all, they are human beings just like us. 


We often highlight successful journeys of players who overcome the odds of being a late-round draft, finding something that made their game click late in their career, or bouncing back from injuries. Zach Joyce’s journey back to baseball has less to do with finding newfound levels to his game or bouncing back from an injury but more with finding a place in his community and meaning in himself and his life. 


Joyce had a successful baseball career in high school and at Walters State Community College, which led him to transfer to the University of Tennessee to play baseball alongside his twin brother Ben. Adversity greeted Joyce as soon as he stepped through the door. In 2020, he underwent Tommy John surgery and ended up stepping away from baseball before he even had a chance to put on a uniform. 

The surgery wasn’t the main reason he stepped away, but it was an even bigger reason. Zach was diagnosed with clinical depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. A decision that put himself and his well-being over the game he has known and loved for his entire life. 

“It was almost out of necessity, to be honest,” Joyce said. “I knew at that point I was dealing with pretty severe anxiety and depression. I was having panic attacks basically every day that would cause me to be at the point of passing out and I was still having trouble opening up about it.”

Unable to figure out what was leading to the anxiety and depression, he felt that baseball was part of the reason for his feelings.

“I kind of just wanted something to blame it on, and at that point, I chose baseball, but I slowly realized that it happens to a lot of people,” Joyce said. The coaches at Tennessee were super supportive the entire time and were only focused on me getting better and getting help. My girlfriend also dealt with anxiety, and she was extremely supportive and helpful, as were my brother and my parents.”


Having that support system and those around him who let him know it was okay not to be okay gave him the freedom to focus on himself. As it is for most people, it wasn’t an easy journey to overcome, and battles continue to this day. It took Joyce seeking out resources to help him get through what he was going through. 


“As an athlete at UT we actually had a few resources we could use for mental health. I got connected with a psychiatrist as well as a therapist and began taking medicine to start helping alongside that,” Joyce said. “The biggest resource I found was just opening up to people close to me. Obviously not all at once and not right away, but over time I was able to be transparent about it. It is an extremely vulnerable and uncomfortable feeling but it does help so much. Finding things that helped me such as working out and even going hiking on my own.”


Joyce touches on a huge aspect of overcoming mental health battles... Vulnerability. Not just the vulnerability to seek out the resources he needed to help him but the vulnerability to talk to others about what he was going through. We’ve made significant progress as a society, but unfortunately, stigma still exists around getting treatment for mental health issues. Because of that stigma, many people often don’t seek out care or talk to others about how they are feeling because of the fear of being judged. 

Zach was able to overcome something that was uncomfortable and it became one of the biggest resources he had. Finding that comfort to be able to confide in others and continuing to utilize the tools and resources he had led to Zach eventually working his way back to baseball. He eventually enrolled back at the University of Tennessee. When Zach stepped away, it wasn’t a priority to get back to baseball, but he kept itching to get back on the mound

“The first year and a half after I stepped away, I didn’t watch a single baseball game. I was basically just a regular college student, even working jobs and doing internships,” Joyce said. “Then when Ben came back from TJ and started throwing again the second year, I went to games to support him. I remember having to get up and walk around the first game I went to because I was itching so badly to get back out there.”


Missing the feeling of 1-on-1 competitions, seeing his twin brother Ben out there throwing again after TJ and watching the team atmosphere on the field fired Zach up to play baseball again. And on February 19, 2023, Joyce debuted on the mound against UC San Diego again. He came out of the bullpen for the Volunteers and went two-thirds of an inning, striking out the only two batters he faced. The fastball reached 95 mph, and he had his slider in the mid-80s. Joyce was back. 

“I can still remember the entire outing even though I felt like I blacked out. It had been over 4 years since my last time in a game and we were out in Arizona for the MLB 4 tournament. I know they were trying to get me a clean inning, but I ended up coming in with 1 out and bases loaded,” Joyce said. “Once I got out there I just remember how good it felt and how excited I was. I ended up striking out the 2 guys I faced and the reactions from my teammates was the best feeling. They were all so supportive the entire time and helped me so much.”


Joyce finished the season with 10.1 innings pitched while striking out 17 batters. It was a small sample size of success, but all that mattered was that he was back on the mound throwing. That small sample size still had scouts taking notice. And as the draft rolled around in 2023, Joyce heard his name called in the 14th Round by the Los Angeles Angels, the same team his twin brother Ben played for. 

Ben and Zach have played everywhere together, and that close-knit relationship has been beneficial to the both of them, even it can get overly competitive at times. Still, Zach wouldn’t trade his relationship with his brother for anything. 

“It’s been incredible, and I’m definitely blessed to have a twin brother playing the same sport,” Joyce said. “Obviously, it gets extremely competitive, and we have our rough times, but you always have someone to work with and someone to help you out when you need it. Watching his success has been incredible and how hard he works pushed me even more.”

Zach debuted in 2023 and found success again, pitching 10.2 innings while striking out nine and giving up only three earned runs in A ball. Regardless of his success and making it to the next level in his baseball career, Zach knows that his battles with mental health don’t just end there. He knows it will always take consistent work on his end going into 2024 and beyond. 


“There are still hard days but getting to the point where I am consistent through all of the highs and lows and continue to grow as a person and teammate on and off the field,” Joyce said. “I pride myself in being a great teammate and a person that people can confide and trust in. I want to continue to build that and have a healthy season on the field. Enjoy the moments I am in whatever and wherever they might be.”


Zach’s journey in baseball and life is just beginning. He’s found his way to seeking out community with others around him. Having overcome so much in baseball and life, Zach hopes that sharing his story helps others and lets them know that they aren’t alone on their own personal journey.

“It is an extremely vulnerable feeling but it will change your life if you open up and seek help. It is more tough to be able to do that than to keep it all in,” Joyce said.


“I know I felt like a burden for doing it, but the people that love and care about you notice when things are wrong and that is even more of a burden if they feel like they can’t help. Take it one day at a time. ‘The pain you have been feeling can’t compare to the joy that is coming’ Romans 8:18”

College Baseball Roundup - Week 4

College Baseball Roundup - Week 4

With week four in the books, Arkansas takes over as the #1 team in college baseball. Charlie Condon continues to put on a show, and Chase Burns became an absolute electric factory.

Live Looks: St. Joseph's vs Bucknell 3/3/2024

This past Sunday, I was able to travel to Merion Station, PA to watch Saint Joseph’s University take on Bucknell University in a doubleheader. I was able to get good looks at both Sean Keys from Bucknell and Matt McShane from Saint Joseph’s, both likely to be selected during the 2024 MLB Draft.

Sean Keys - 3B, Bucknell

3-4, 2 2B, BB, 2 IBB, HBP

Keys is number 86 on our 2024 Preseason Top 100 College Draft Prospects list. He had a nice showing against St. Joseph’s last weekend only recording one out in 8 plate appearances. He faced two talented St. Joseph’s starting pitchers Ryan Desanto and Domenic Picone. In the first inning of game one, he turned on a Desanto fastball and drove it off the right-center field wall for a double. He drew a walk in his second AB and an intentional walk in his third. In game 2, he showed off his pull-side power once again, driving a ground-rule double to right-center. He also recorded another intentional walk as well as a HBP.

Keys has proven during his time at Bucknell that he is a very patient hitter and knows the strike zone well. Not only that, but he is also aggressive when he gets the pitch he wants. He has quick hands, good bat speed, and is violent at the point of attack with a swing path capable of covering much of the strike zone.

Keys, 6’2” 220 lbs, has a strong, powerful build that not only boosts his power at the plate but conversely causes limitations to his mobility at third base. He isn’t a smooth mover on the basepaths or in the field. While I do believe he has the arm to play third base and potentially the glove as well, I don’t feel that he has the lateral quickness to play the position at the next level. Unless he vastly improves his athleticism come draft time, I feel that a move to first base would be what best suits both him as well as the team that picks him.

If all goes perfectly for Keys this spring, he could potentially hear his name called in the 3rd round, but I would currently project him being drafted in the 4-6 round range.


Matt McShane - RHP, Saint Joseph’s

0.2 IP, 0 H, 1 BB, 1 SO


McShane has shown an uptick in his velocity from a year ago. His fastball so far this year has been 93-95 mph, topping out at 96. The only thing that worries me is that he put out a lot of effort to get it to the mid-90s. His slider has been very effective coming in at 82-83 mph with a tight, gyro movement. It stays in the zone for a long time and is extremely deceptive to hitters. He also has an 86-87 mph changeup that he has struggled to control at times but is effective when he hits his location.

He entered the game Sunday with one out in the ninth inning, two runners on, and a five-run cushion. He walked the first batter he faced, then came back with a strikeout on a 95 mph fastball. He then hit the next batter, allowing a run to score. Finally, he induced a flyout to right field to end the game.

I would like to see if he can clean up some of his control issues as the year goes on before placing a proper grade on him, but when he’s at his best, he has the stuff to be a potential day two pick.

X: @JakeBarg

Ohio Valley: Pre-Season Deep Dive of Prep Baseball Left-Handed Pitchers

Continuing on our series of analyzing pre-season 2024 prep prospects throughout the Ohio Valley to keep an eye on this spring. We now jump into the left-handed pitchers (LHP) in the region this week. As outlined in the first article last week, the State of Indiana has some of the most stout arms in the country, and it resumes with the southpaws. The State of Michigan may have the most polarizing lefty in the draft class in Joey Broughton and also features some solid future college arms to keep an eye on garnering Power 5 attention. Lastly, the Buckeye State, after producing three intriguing left-handed pitchers last season out of the 2023 class (Colton Hartman - Louisville, Titus Lotz - Bowling Green, and Blaine Albright - Indiana), is shutout in this week's article as their 2024 class currently lacks the projectable velocity for the MLB Draft and many of their arms are more college projects than day one contributors at the Power 5 level. 


Next week, we will dive into the infield dudes making noise heading into the spring. With that said, what LHP prospects should we pay attention to this spring that can create momentum heading into July? Let's dive into the lefties making noise leading into the varsity baseball season.


| Brayton Thomas, Bishop Dwenger HS (IN) |

| 6-foot-4 | 236 - pounds | Commit: Indiana | Draft Day Age: 19 yr. |

One of the most polished arms out of the Ohio Valley and arguably one of the top southpaws you will see from the nation's 2024 class. Thomas is an uber-physical southpaw who displays projectable front-of-the-rotation stuff on the mound and has punched out over 150 batters in less than 86 innings at Bishop Dewinger HS. 


On the mound, Thomas has a tall, durable XL frame with a barrel chest and mature features for his age. When operating on the bump, Thomas works with a prototypical drop-and-drive delivery that is repeatable from a low ¾ arm slot, quick arm action, natural deception, and a high leg kick. There is some effort in the arm, but nothing too alarming. Overall, he has clean mechanics. At Prep Baseball's All-American Games, Thomas recorded up to 7 feet of extension working downhill towards the plate (for perspective, Spencer Strider and Shane McClanahan both create 7 feet of extension working towards the plate. Across the board, it's excellent that makes their stuff play up and gives hitters less time to react). Thomas displays good calm composure, presence, and tempo on the mound and has looked unfazed against all high school hitters who have stepped into the box against him so far. 

Diving into the arsenal, Thomas brings a 4-pitch mix of a fastball (FB), a slider (SL), a curveball (CB), and a changeup (CH). The fastball is a true rising four-seamer with backspin, which operates in the low 90s, topping out at 93, exhibiting life through the zone, and is frequently thrown for strikes. The fastball shows solid rise and run action with some natural cut and above-average spin rates (over 2400). Also, the FB tunnels well with the off-speed (SL) that he usually locates well in the lower half or inside on both LHHs & RHHs. Next, the SL will be Thomas's bread and butter pitch that will make him some money. The SL works in the upper 70s with good tilt and adequate spin (around 2300 – 2400) that displays tight and downward action into the zone towards batters with advanced feel; It's a real-deal weapon that Thomas often uses as a put-away pitch. Scouts continue to see consistent S/M out of the SL, leading to plus pitch potential going into the draft. Thomas also works with a CH that operates in the low 80s with good fade and some feel. Lastly, Thomas has been operating with a CB as a fourth option to build more into his starter profile. CB works in the low 70s with good movement and sufficient spin (around 2200 - 2350).


Overall, there is lots to like about Thomas moving forward, with room still in the tank for further advancements on the mound. Between his advanced feel on the bump, pro ball size/athleticism, and good pitchability; there is a chance for his name to get called this summer. The real question lies in his commitment to the in-state school of Indiana and whether going to school will benefit him more in the long run. Presently, I see day two upside in Thomas, but if he goes to school, there is easy Friday night starting stuff here (sooner rather than later) with the upside of his name getting called in the first or second round in the 2027 draft. My gut is leaning toward that if we see a velocity jump this spring with him sitting in his mid-90s and topping out around 95-96, he will not be heading to Bloomington in the fall. Just like Kosterman last week, the stuff is the real deal, and only time will tell, but, at the moment, he is an entertaining arm to watch at the prep level out of the Hoosier State.


Preseason Draft Grade: Top 100 HS player; Day 2 grade with intriguing chance of going to school. 





| Joey Broughton, Northville HS (MI) |

| 6-foot-2 | 200 - pounds | Commit: Pittsburgh | Draft Day Age: 18 yr 7 mo |

Probably the most compelling LHP coming out of the Ohio Valley and an arm with the most helium metrics going into the prep baseball season in the nation. Lately, he came off of Prep Baseball's Super 60 event in February and impressed scouts at the event by heating up the fastball to nearly 95 mph and setting a new bar for the rest of the class by capturing the highest average fastball spin rate ever produced in the history of the Super 60 event (2646 avg and 2746 max spin) and further positioning his name on MLB draft boards as a must-watch prep arm this spring. 

On the bump, he works with a repeatable athletic delivery, a high leg kick, and a closed finish. The arm works out of a high ¾ arm slot with a quick arm action and solid tempo. Mechanically, some fine-tuning needs to be done, but everything moves clean and effortlessly on the mound. Physically, Broughton displays a great projectable frame with a durable lower half. He oozes subtle confidence on the mound with good pose and has a competitive mentality to dominate the zone and throw strikes.

Now, diving into the fun stuff of Broughton, he operates with a 3-pitch mix of a fastball (FB), a curveball (CB), and a changeup (CH) that all have outstanding metrics. The FB has seen a jump over the last calendar year as it now sits in the low 90s and tops at 95 with ludicrous spin sitting around 2550 - 2650 with it topping out north of 2700. Further, the FB shows outstanding movement, and he can develop extraordinary spin on the ball, getting 24 + inches of Horizontal Movement (HB), 6 + inches of Induced Vertical Break (IVB), 18 + inches of separation, and a spin efficiency of 89% (IVB and avg. HB were number 1 at the Super 60 event). The FB displays rising and jumping traits into the zone with arm-side running action. Broughton has an outstanding feel for the heater as it is a strike-throwing pitch in his arsenal, landing in the zone roughly ¾s of the time. The fastball alone will make player development departments around MLB salivate and pound the table for their team to draft Broughton this July, as it's a plus pitch. During their evaluation process, scouts will need to see if the bullpen session control and command from the winter translates to in-game well and grades out as the plus pitch we believe it can be. 


Diving into the offspeed pitches, Broughton also brings a hammer curveball into the mix as it operates in the upper 70s with high spins touching nearly 3000 RPMs (averages around 2800). The CB displays excellent depth and bite, working with an average of 16 inches of HM that can top out over 20 inches. In addition, the CB works with a 2/7 shape out of the hand. Also, he has shown the ability to land the breaker into the zone consistently for strikes as well. Overall, the CB is a good pitch that supplements the FB, keeping hitters off-balance. Lastly, Broughton brings in a CH that works in the mid-upper 80s and works well within the other pitches of his arsenal. It shows firmness and fading downward movement, with arm-side run. Further, he has shown confidence and feel in the CH and has demonstrated the ability to add/subtract spin, which causes bedlam for hitters in the box. 


All-around, Broughton will be one of the most seen arms in the Ohio Valley this spring as the plus metrics show the workhorse ability he projects to become with a chance of breaking out with a "Jackson Jobe" like senior year due to the plus data metric arsenals. He has a good feel and confidence to use any of the three pitches in his arsenal. His arm has some real front-of-the-rotation starting profile and projection with elite spin rates, superior movement, an advanced three-pitch package, and projectable size that could make Broughton into a big helium riser going into the summer. I do not see any limitations in his game where he couldn't add another pitch in the arsenal during his development time in the minors, further pushing his projection as a top-of-the-rotation arm (I would love to see him develop a cutter or splitter in the arsenal; Game Over!). His draft status highly depends on his control, command, and ability to work in longer outings this spring. If everything looks good this spring without any hiccups for him, I see it as unlikely that he will end up in college baseball next season. The upside is too enticing for a club to pass up on, and I believe the metrics will lure a team into paying the man. 


Draft Grade:  Top 200 selection (current ceiling of a late second-round draft pick while sitting as a third - eighth round grade). 



| Caden McCoy, Bloomington North HS (IN) |

| 6-foot-2 | 226 - pounds | Commit: Texas A&M | Draft Day Age: 18 yr 5 mo |

A helium prep arm out of the Hoosier 2024 class, McCoy has become one of the top arms in the region after displaying his stuff when he hopped onto the mound at the National Program Invitational (NPI) and PBR Future Games in the summer of 2022 that led to a near-instantaneous offer from the Aggies. Since then, he has been on everyone's radar out of the Hoosier State and is another arm out of Indiana that has the chance to hear their name get called during All-Star Week. 


On the mound, McCoy is a physical pitcher who displays a thicker, stronger frame with durability. When working on the bump, he displays smooth clean operations from an athletic delivery that is repeatable from a high ¾ arm slot, a high leg kick, and a closed finish. His arm is quick with minimal effort; when watching him pitch, the ball darts out of his hand quickly and into the zone. Scouts are bullish on his competitiveness and high-energy demeanor on the bump. 


McCoy works with an advanced four-pitch mix of a fastball (FB), a slider (SL), a curveball (CB), and a changeup (CH). The FB is firm that works in the upper 80s and low 90s, topping out at 92,  with good arm-side run and plus control. So far, the FB has been the primary pitch in his arsenal that works away on RHHs, inside on LHHs, and, on occasion, living up in the zone. Further, the FB is a data-darling pitch in his arsenal that has produced over 19 inches of IVB, and 12 inches of HB and produces ridiculous spin rates (sits north of 2500 and touches over 2620) that creates frequent S/M against the opposition. The FB on the mound hasn't shown any traits of tapping out, and scouts/coaches genuinely believe there will be another velocity bump in the tank shortly. Overall, the FB is an enticing pitch for any pitching coach to work with that displays promising metrics; however, McCoy this spring would be better off in front of MLB scouts displaying better command with the heater as he periodically will miss his spots driving up his pitch count and show that he can pitch in long outings (holding velo) as a rotation guy so he doesn't get clumped into a reliever category on draft boards due to his burly size. 


Next, McCoy works with a pair of breaking balls of a CB and a SL. The CB is a sharp 1/7 - action breaking ball in the upper 70s with average spin rates (2400). The CB displays big breaking motion downward into RHHs that freezes hitters in their shoes and cause them to get rung up on occasion. Next, the SL is the pitch he often uses as the knock-out blow on batters, bringing out the ugly stick as batters record hideous swings and misses. His SL, is a tight slurvy two-plane breaking ball that works in the low 80s with spin that sits between 2200 - 2400 and has touched over 2500 in previous bullpen sessions. He has a great feel for his SL, and it works with the FB as a typical duo that tunnels well together, a legitimate one-two combo. Lastly, he operates with an upper-70s changeup that has flashed quality stuff that, with future development, can become a plus pitch. The CH exhibits fading downward movement with arm-side action and a good feel, creating over 12 inches of HM and 14 inches of IVB that flashes upside. Like the SL, the CH tunnels well with the FB, causing issues for hitters in the box. 

Overall, McCoy has the strength, durability, and size to be a starter at the next level, but due to his burly size, he could be pushed into a bullpen role. I envision pro scouts seeing McCoy in a similar light to Sal Romano coming out of HS, who also had a similar size and arsenal (when coming out of HS, Romano's FB sat at the same velo as McCoy and darted up to 93-98 mph T100 in the Reds farm system). Depending on the organization, McCoy may be stretched out to be the starting arm or may look to build him to be a prospective lock-down closer. Ultimately, it goes down to if scouts want to take the chance early on McCoy and they feel they can develop him into something they can imagine. If not drafted this summer, then he will become an enticing project in College Station and a potential electric arm for the Aggies to play with. 


Preseason Draft Grade: Dart-throw day three grade with outstanding upside for the college level.



| Honorable Mentions |


| Ethan Lund, Hamilton Southeastern HS (IN) |

| 6-foot-5 | 212 - pounds | Commit: Oklahoma State | Draft Age: 18 yr 10 mo |


| Leighton Harris, Frederick Douglass HS (KY) |


| 6-foot-3 | 210 - pounds | Commit: Kentucky | Draft Age: 18 yr 11 mo |


| Brendon Bennett, Novi HS (MI) |

| 6-foot-2 | 210 - pounds | Commit: Clemson | Draft Age: 18 yr 4 mo |


| Kael Gahan, Lake Orion HS (MI) |

| 6-foot-2 | 180 - pounds | Commit: Duke | Draft Age: 17 yr 9 mo |

















Live Looks: Kubota College Baseball Series

Editor’s Note: This is a collaborative effort from Tyler Jennings and Patrick Bauer, both of whom attended the event in person.


Michigan Wolverines

OF Jonathan Kim

draft grade: Day 2 (2025)


Arkansas Razorbacks

LHP Hagen Smith

draft grade: Top Ten or better


RHP Brady Tygart

draft grade: Rounds 4-5


LHP Mason Molina

draft grade: Late Day 2 (Rounds 6-10)


OF/DH Kendall diggs

draft grade: Round 5


Oregon State Beavers

2B travis bazzana

DRAFT GRADE: Top three (legitimate 1.1 upside)


RHP jacob kmatz

draft grade: Late Day 2


RHP Aiden May

draft grade: third round (maybe second)


OF Gavin Turley

draft grade: First round (2025)


Oklahoma State Cowboys

OF Carson Benge

draft grade: Mid to late first


OF Zach Ehrhard

draft grade: late Day 2


RHP Gabe Davis

draft grade: day 1 (2025)

College Baseball Roundup - Week 3

College Baseball Roundup - Week 3

Week 3 of the college baseball season was electric! TCU and Texas A&M stay undefeated, Stetson upsets Florida, Luke Holman shines as LSU’s Friday night starter, and much more!

2021 Bowman Retrospective

2021 Bowman Retrospective

Taking a current look at the players with 1st Bowman cards from 2021 Bowman Baseball which include Coby Mayo, Blaze Jordan, Kevin Alcantara, Christopher Morel, Johan Rojas, Endy Rodriguez, and many others.